TY - JOUR
T1 - Efficient Hydroxyapatite Extraction from Salmon Bone Waste
T2 - An Improved Lab-Scaled Physico-Chemico-Biological Process
AU - Muñoz, Francisco
AU - Guerra, Ignacio
AU - Garcia, Maria José
AU - Enrione, Javier
AU - Ortega, Nicole
AU - Haidar, Ziyad S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.
PY - 2024/9
Y1 - 2024/9
N2 - The demand for novel tissue grafting and regenerative wound care biomaterials is growing as traditional options often fall short in biocompatibility, functional integration with human tissue, associated cost(s), and sustainability. Salmon aquaculture generates significant volumes of waste, offering a sustainable opportunity for biomaterial production, particularly in osteo-conduction/-induction, and de novo clinical/surgical bone regeneration. Henceforth, this study explores re-purposing salmon waste through a standardized pre-treatment process that minimizes the biological waste content, followed by a treatment stage to remove proteins, lipids, and other compounds, resulting in a mineral-rich substrate. Herein, we examined various methods—alkaline hydrolysis, calcination, and NaOH hydrolysis—to better identify and determine the most efficient and effective process for producing bio-functional nano-sized hydroxyapatite. Through comprehensive chemical, physical, and biological assessments, including Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we also optimized the extraction process. Our modified and innovative alkaline hydrolysis–calcination method yielded salmon-derived hydroxyapatite with a highly crystalline structure, an optimal Ca/P ratio, and excellent biocompatibility. The attractive nano-scale cellular/tissular properties and favorable molecular characteristics, particularly well-suited for bone repair, are comparable to or even surpass those of synthetic, human, bovine, and porcine hydroxyapatite, positioning it as a promising candidate for use in tissue engineering, wound healing, and regenerative medicine indications.
AB - The demand for novel tissue grafting and regenerative wound care biomaterials is growing as traditional options often fall short in biocompatibility, functional integration with human tissue, associated cost(s), and sustainability. Salmon aquaculture generates significant volumes of waste, offering a sustainable opportunity for biomaterial production, particularly in osteo-conduction/-induction, and de novo clinical/surgical bone regeneration. Henceforth, this study explores re-purposing salmon waste through a standardized pre-treatment process that minimizes the biological waste content, followed by a treatment stage to remove proteins, lipids, and other compounds, resulting in a mineral-rich substrate. Herein, we examined various methods—alkaline hydrolysis, calcination, and NaOH hydrolysis—to better identify and determine the most efficient and effective process for producing bio-functional nano-sized hydroxyapatite. Through comprehensive chemical, physical, and biological assessments, including Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we also optimized the extraction process. Our modified and innovative alkaline hydrolysis–calcination method yielded salmon-derived hydroxyapatite with a highly crystalline structure, an optimal Ca/P ratio, and excellent biocompatibility. The attractive nano-scale cellular/tissular properties and favorable molecular characteristics, particularly well-suited for bone repair, are comparable to or even surpass those of synthetic, human, bovine, and porcine hydroxyapatite, positioning it as a promising candidate for use in tissue engineering, wound healing, and regenerative medicine indications.
KW - biomaterial
KW - bone repair
KW - hydroxyapatite
KW - osseoregenerate
KW - process
KW - salmon bone
KW - waste
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85204125562&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/molecules29174002
DO - 10.3390/molecules29174002
M3 - Article
SN - 1420-3049
VL - 29
SP - 1
EP - 11
JO - Molecules
JF - Molecules
IS - 17
M1 - 4002
ER -