Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial

Daniel Ramos–López; Raúl Caulier–Cisterna; Andrés Vega–Moraga; Fúlvia B. Manchado–Gobatto; Luigi Gabrielli–Nervi; Hugo E. Verdejo; Vitor A. Lira; Maximiliano Espinosa–Ramírez; Karol Ramírez–Parada; Matías Crisosto–Ramos; Antonio Escobar–Neicun; Amalia Matus–Santa Cruz; Savka Miranda–Osorio; Kevin Parra–Huenchuleo; Aracelly Pérez–Caro; Sebastián Podestá–Oyarzun; Oscar F. Araneda; Felipe Contreras–Briceño

doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial

Daniel Ramos–López
, Raúl Caulier–Cisterna
, Andrés Vega–Moraga
, Fúlvia B. Manchado–Gobatto
, Luigi Gabrielli–Nervi
, Hugo E. Verdejo
, Vitor A. Lira
, Maximiliano Espinosa–Ramírez
, Karol Ramírez–Parada
, Matías Crisosto–Ramos
, Antonio Escobar–Neicun
, Amalia Matus–Santa Cruz
, Savka Miranda–Osorio
, Kevin Parra–Huenchuleo
, Aracelly Pérez–Caro
, Sebastián Podestá–Oyarzun
, Oscar F. Araneda
, Felipe Contreras–Briceño^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

UNLABELLED: This study contrasted the effects of five weeks of voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea (VIH) versus inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) on tissue oxygenation at the prefrontal cortex (PFC), respiratory muscles ( m.Intercostales), and locomotor muscles ( m.Vastus Lateralis) during high intensity constant load cycling (CLT) in endurance trained individuals. Twenty participants (14 men, 6 women) were randomly assigned to VIH ( n = 10) or ITL ( n = 10) training. Before and after intervention, participants completed a CLT at 80% of peak power output until exhaustion. Tissue oxygenation was continuously monitored using near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at three sites. Changes in oxygenated (Δ[O 2Hb]), deoxygenated (Δ[HHb]), and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), along with tissue saturation index (TSI), were analyzed using a three–way ANOVA. VIH significantly improved peak oxygen–uptake ( p = 0.016), maximal lung ventilation ( p = 0.004), respiratory rate ( p = 0.030), and tidal volume ( p = 0.022), whereas ITL significantly increased maximal inspiratory pressure ( p = 0.003). A significant main effect of time (%CLT) was observed for all NIRS variables at the three measurement sites ( p < 0.05), except TSI at the PFC and Δ[O 2Hb] at the m.Vastus Lateralis. A main effect of training was detected only for TSI at the m.Vastus Lateralis ( p = 0.036, η²p = 0.22; mean difference 3.2%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 6.1%), though direct physiological interpretation requires caution given the modest effect magnitude. No significant group effects or interactions were observed. VIH and ITL elicit distinct adaptations in respiratory function and aerobic capacity without modifying regional tissue oxygenation dynamics during high intensity exercise. The observed locomotor muscle TSI trend warrants confirmation in future studies.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1.

Original language	English
Article number	10732
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	16
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1
State	Published - 28 Mar 2026

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© The Author(s) 2026.

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Ramos–López, D., Caulier–Cisterna, R., Vega–Moraga, A., Manchado–Gobatto, F. B., Gabrielli–Nervi, L., Verdejo, H. E., Lira, V. A., Espinosa–Ramírez, M., Ramírez–Parada, K., Crisosto–Ramos, M., Escobar–Neicun, A., Matus–Santa Cruz, A., Miranda–Osorio, S., Parra–Huenchuleo, K., Pérez–Caro, A., Podestá–Oyarzun, S., Araneda, O. F., & Contreras–Briceño, F. (2026). Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 16(1), Article 10732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

@article{8cc8582d0efe45ca959d4d2383546617,

title = "Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial",

abstract = "UNLABELLED: This study contrasted the effects of five weeks of voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea (VIH) versus inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) on tissue oxygenation at the prefrontal cortex (PFC), respiratory muscles ( m.Intercostales), and locomotor muscles ( m.Vastus Lateralis) during high intensity constant load cycling (CLT) in endurance trained individuals. Twenty participants (14 men, 6 women) were randomly assigned to VIH ( n = 10) or ITL ( n = 10) training. Before and after intervention, participants completed a CLT at 80\% of peak power output until exhaustion. Tissue oxygenation was continuously monitored using near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at three sites. Changes in oxygenated (Δ[O 2Hb]), deoxygenated (Δ[HHb]), and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), along with tissue saturation index (TSI), were analyzed using a three–way ANOVA. VIH significantly improved peak oxygen–uptake ( p = 0.016), maximal lung ventilation ( p = 0.004), respiratory rate ( p = 0.030), and tidal volume ( p = 0.022), whereas ITL significantly increased maximal inspiratory pressure ( p = 0.003). A significant main effect of time (\%CLT) was observed for all NIRS variables at the three measurement sites ( p < 0.05), except TSI at the PFC and Δ[O 2Hb] at the m.Vastus Lateralis. A main effect of training was detected only for TSI at the m.Vastus Lateralis ( p = 0.036, η²p = 0.22; mean difference 3.2\%, 95\% CI: 0.3 to 6.1\%), though direct physiological interpretation requires caution given the modest effect magnitude. No significant group effects or interactions were observed. VIH and ITL elicit distinct adaptations in respiratory function and aerobic capacity without modifying regional tissue oxygenation dynamics during high intensity exercise. The observed locomotor muscle TSI trend warrants confirmation in future studies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1.",

author = "Daniel Ramos–L{\'o}pez and Ra{\'u}l Caulier–Cisterna and Andr{\'e}s Vega–Moraga and Manchado–Gobatto, \{F{\'u}lvia B.\} and Luigi Gabrielli–Nervi and Verdejo, \{Hugo E.\} and Lira, \{Vitor A.\} and Maximiliano Espinosa–Ram{\'i}rez and Karol Ram{\'i}rez–Parada and Mat{\'i}as Crisosto–Ramos and Antonio Escobar–Neicun and \{Matus–Santa Cruz\}, Amalia and Savka Miranda–Osorio and Kevin Parra–Huenchuleo and Aracelly P{\'e}rez–Caro and Sebasti{\'a}n Podest{\'a}–Oyarzun and Araneda, \{Oscar F.\} and Felipe Contreras–Brice{\~n}o",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2026.",

year = "2026",

month = mar,

day = "28",

doi = "10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1",

language = "English",

volume = "16",

journal = "Scientific Reports",

issn = "2045-2322",

publisher = "Nature Research",

number = "1",

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Ramos–López, D, Caulier–Cisterna, R, Vega–Moraga, A, Manchado–Gobatto, FB, Gabrielli–Nervi, L, Verdejo, HE, Lira, VA, Espinosa–Ramírez, M, Ramírez–Parada, K, Crisosto–Ramos, M, Escobar–Neicun, A, Matus–Santa Cruz, A, Miranda–Osorio, S, Parra–Huenchuleo, K, Pérez–Caro, A, Podestá–Oyarzun, S, Araneda, OF & Contreras–Briceño, F 2026, 'Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 10732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial. / Ramos–López, Daniel; Caulier–Cisterna, Raúl; Vega–Moraga, Andrés et al.
In: Scientific Reports, Vol. 16, No. 1, 10732, 28.03.2026.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals

T2 - a randomized controlled trial

AU - Ramos–López, Daniel

AU - Caulier–Cisterna, Raúl

AU - Vega–Moraga, Andrés

AU - Manchado–Gobatto, Fúlvia B.

AU - Gabrielli–Nervi, Luigi

AU - Verdejo, Hugo E.

AU - Lira, Vitor A.

AU - Espinosa–Ramírez, Maximiliano

AU - Ramírez–Parada, Karol

AU - Crisosto–Ramos, Matías

AU - Escobar–Neicun, Antonio

AU - Matus–Santa Cruz, Amalia

AU - Miranda–Osorio, Savka

AU - Parra–Huenchuleo, Kevin

AU - Pérez–Caro, Aracelly

AU - Podestá–Oyarzun, Sebastián

AU - Araneda, Oscar F.

AU - Contreras–Briceño, Felipe

PY - 2026/3/28

Y1 - 2026/3/28

N2 - UNLABELLED: This study contrasted the effects of five weeks of voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea (VIH) versus inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) on tissue oxygenation at the prefrontal cortex (PFC), respiratory muscles ( m.Intercostales), and locomotor muscles ( m.Vastus Lateralis) during high intensity constant load cycling (CLT) in endurance trained individuals. Twenty participants (14 men, 6 women) were randomly assigned to VIH ( n = 10) or ITL ( n = 10) training. Before and after intervention, participants completed a CLT at 80% of peak power output until exhaustion. Tissue oxygenation was continuously monitored using near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at three sites. Changes in oxygenated (Δ[O 2Hb]), deoxygenated (Δ[HHb]), and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), along with tissue saturation index (TSI), were analyzed using a three–way ANOVA. VIH significantly improved peak oxygen–uptake ( p = 0.016), maximal lung ventilation ( p = 0.004), respiratory rate ( p = 0.030), and tidal volume ( p = 0.022), whereas ITL significantly increased maximal inspiratory pressure ( p = 0.003). A significant main effect of time (%CLT) was observed for all NIRS variables at the three measurement sites ( p < 0.05), except TSI at the PFC and Δ[O 2Hb] at the m.Vastus Lateralis. A main effect of training was detected only for TSI at the m.Vastus Lateralis ( p = 0.036, η²p = 0.22; mean difference 3.2%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 6.1%), though direct physiological interpretation requires caution given the modest effect magnitude. No significant group effects or interactions were observed. VIH and ITL elicit distinct adaptations in respiratory function and aerobic capacity without modifying regional tissue oxygenation dynamics during high intensity exercise. The observed locomotor muscle TSI trend warrants confirmation in future studies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1.

AB - UNLABELLED: This study contrasted the effects of five weeks of voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea (VIH) versus inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) on tissue oxygenation at the prefrontal cortex (PFC), respiratory muscles ( m.Intercostales), and locomotor muscles ( m.Vastus Lateralis) during high intensity constant load cycling (CLT) in endurance trained individuals. Twenty participants (14 men, 6 women) were randomly assigned to VIH ( n = 10) or ITL ( n = 10) training. Before and after intervention, participants completed a CLT at 80% of peak power output until exhaustion. Tissue oxygenation was continuously monitored using near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at three sites. Changes in oxygenated (Δ[O 2Hb]), deoxygenated (Δ[HHb]), and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), along with tissue saturation index (TSI), were analyzed using a three–way ANOVA. VIH significantly improved peak oxygen–uptake ( p = 0.016), maximal lung ventilation ( p = 0.004), respiratory rate ( p = 0.030), and tidal volume ( p = 0.022), whereas ITL significantly increased maximal inspiratory pressure ( p = 0.003). A significant main effect of time (%CLT) was observed for all NIRS variables at the three measurement sites ( p < 0.05), except TSI at the PFC and Δ[O 2Hb] at the m.Vastus Lateralis. A main effect of training was detected only for TSI at the m.Vastus Lateralis ( p = 0.036, η²p = 0.22; mean difference 3.2%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 6.1%), though direct physiological interpretation requires caution given the modest effect magnitude. No significant group effects or interactions were observed. VIH and ITL elicit distinct adaptations in respiratory function and aerobic capacity without modifying regional tissue oxygenation dynamics during high intensity exercise. The observed locomotor muscle TSI trend warrants confirmation in future studies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1.

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U2 - 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

M3 - Article

C2 - 41904324

AN - SCOPUS:105034938861

SN - 2045-2322

VL - 16

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

IS - 1

M1 - 10732

ER -

Ramos–López D, Caulier–Cisterna R, Vega–Moraga A, Manchado–Gobatto FB, Gabrielli–Nervi L, Verdejo HE et al. Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports. 2026 Mar 28;16(1):10732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-46153-1

Regional tissue oxygenation during high-intensity exercise following voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea versus inspiratory threshold loading in endurance–trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial

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