Implantes subperiósticos como alternativa de tratamiento para maxilares atróficos. Revisión actualizada de la literatura

The rehabilitation of patients with severe maxillary atrophy remains a clinical challenge due to the limited bone volume available, which hinders the placement of conventional endosseous implants. Alternatives such as bone grafts or zygomatic implants are often invasive and of variable efficacy. In this context, subperiosteal implants emerge as a less aggressive option, offering anatomical adaptation and the potential for immediate loading. The aim of this review is to describe the subperiosteal implants technique in the rehabilitation of patients with atrophic jaws, analyzing its indications, advantages, limitations, and recent advances in surgical implementation, as well as its comparison with other therapeutic alternatives. A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Epistemonikos databases, considering systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 13 articles were included. Subperiosteal implants have re-emerged as an effective alternative for patients with severe bone atrophy, thanks to advances in digital planning, 3D printing, and biomechanical analysis. These innovations allow for customized designs, better anatomical fit, and less invasive rehabilitation. Although short-term success rates exceed 90%, long-term results are variable and depend on proper patient selection and rigorous surgical execution. Compared to other techniques, such as zygomatic implants, they offer lower morbidity and higher patient satisfaction, establishing themselves as a promising option in complex clinical contexts.