Active alcohol consumption is associated with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Hispanic patients

Background: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe clinical entity associated with elevated short-term mortality. We aimed to characterize patients with decompensated cirrhosis according to presence of ACLF, their association with active alcohol intake, and long-term survival in Latin America. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of decompensated cirrhotic in three Chilean university centers (2017-2019). ACLF was diagnosed according EASL-CLIF criteria. We assessed survival using competing-risk and time-to-event analyses. We evaluated the time to death using accelerated failure time (AFT) models. Results: We included 320 patients, median age of 65.3 ± 11.7 years old, and 48.4% were women. 92 (28.7%) patients met ACLF criteria (ACLF-1: 29.3%, ACLF-2: 27.1%, and ACLF-3: 43.4%). The most common precipitants were infections (39.1%), and the leading organ failure was kidney (59.8%). Active alcohol consumption was frequent (27.7%), even in patients with a prior diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (16.2%). Ninety-two (28.7%) patients had ACLF (ACLF-1: 8.4%, ACLF-2: 7.8%, and ACLF-3: 12.5%). ACLF patients had a higher MELD-Na score at admission (27 [22-31] versus 16 [12-21], p < 0.0001), a higher frequency of alcohol-associated liver disease (36.7% versus 24.9%, p = 0.039), and a more frequent active alcohol intake (37.2% versus 23.8%, p = 0.019). In a multivariate model, ACLF was associated with higher mortality (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.735, 95%CI: 1.153-2.609; p < 0.008). In the AFT models, the presence of ACLF during hospitalization correlated with a shorter time to death: ACLF-1 shortens the time to death by 4.7 times (time ratio [TR] 0.214, 95%CI: 0.075-0.615; p < 0.004), ACLF-2 by 4.4 times (TR 0.224, 95%CI: 0.070-0.713; p < 0.011), and ACLF-3 by 37 times (TR 0.027, 95%CI: 0.006-0.129; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ACLF exhibited a high frequency ofactive alcohol consumption. Patients with ACLF showed higher mortality and shorter time todeath than those without ACLF.